七、醯銨態氮肥
氰氨基化鈣(又名氰氮化鈣或石灰氮,俗稱烏肥或黑肥,CaCN2)是種生理鹼性肥料。具強吸濕性,貯藏期間因吸濕,會有氮素損失及變質為雙氰氨,保存時需加以密封,放置乾燥場地。氰氮化鈣易溶於水,不為土壤膠體所吸附,其由銨態變為硝酸態的時間較其他氮肥為久,故肥效較長。氰氮化鈣遇水生成氰氨(H2CN2),氰氨對植物有害,具有發芽障礙及殺草效果,故施用後通常相隔1∼2週後才播種或施肥位置需遠離種子3∼5公分,方能避免毒害。氰氮化鈣之殺菌效果較溴化甲烷為弱,要把土壤或稿稈中生存繁殖之菌完全殺死並不容易,但也因而使得施用後,微生物一時雖減少,之後繁殖變旺盛,反而比使用前增強。水田每公頃施用400∼500公斤氰氮化鈣,可以打破野稗休眠,再利用冬天的低溫使其死亡。馬鈴薯以15%氰氮化鈣液浸5分鐘,於夏秋可提早1∼2週發芽,萌芽數亦增加。葡萄枝條塗抹20%氰氮化鈣液,可提早3週發芽,收穫提早15天。蘆筍每株以2%氰氮化鈣液2公升,於12月上旬至下旬土壤灌注,可促進萌芽且整齊。唐菖蒲木子浸以5%氰氮化鈣液1小時,可以促進發芽。氰氮化鈣製造過程大量消耗電力能源,成本高。施用時需戴口罩、手套,避免直接接觸及吸入。否則接觸之手腳會有浮腫現象。又施用當日,不可飲酒,否則易醉。
個人防護設備:
呼 吸 防 護:作業工人戴防塵面具,緊急事故時戴自攜式呼吸防護具(空氣呼吸器)
手 部 防 護:防滲手套
眼 睛 防 護:化學安全護目鏡
皮膚及身體防護:防護衣、工作靴
急毒性:
1.吸入粉塵會引起中毒,導致面、頸及胸背上方皮膚發紅,暈眩、嘔心、呼吸困難、胸悸動、頭痛、低血壓、呼吸急促。2.粉塵接觸會損害眼睛。3.皮膚接觸會造成皮膚炎、蕁麻疹及潰瘍。4.
人體致死量為40~50公克。
LD50(測試動物、吸收途徑):158mg/Kg(大鼠,吞食)
Technology Transfer Network - Air Toxics Web Site
Calcium cyanamide is used as a fertilizer, pesticide, and in the manufacture of other chemicals. It is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract in humans. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure may cause gastritis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and tracheobronchitis. Acute oral exposure may cause a vasomotor reaction, resulting in intense flushing of the face, upper body, and arms. Tachycardia and hypotension have also been observed in humans following acute oral exposure. Chronic (long-term) occupational exposure has been reported to cause chronic rhinitis with perforation of the nasal septum in workers. EPA has not classified calcium cyanamide with respect to potential carcinogenicity.
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