- µù¥U®É¶¡
- 2009-12-9
- ³Ì«áµn¿ý
- 2024-5-16
- ¦b½u®É¶¡
- 1770 ¤p®É
- ¾\ŪÅv
- 70
- ¿n¤À
- 3864
- ©«¤l
- 137
- ºëµØ
- 0
- UID
- 9736
|
¥»©«³Ì«á¥Ñ ¤g¦×®Û ©ó 2015-12-18 08:07 ½s¿è
¥H¤U¥H¤@¨Ç½g´T²¤¶¦³¾÷¹A·~¡A¨Ã¤¶²Ð¦³¾÷¹A·~¥i¨Ï¥Î¸ê§÷¤§¹[¨m¤Î²«Kªº»s³y¤è¦¡¡A¦Ü©ó¨Ï¥Î¨ººØ¹A·~¤è¦¡¬O¦U¤Hªº¿ï¾Ü¡A¤£n¤Þ°_ª§ÅG¡C¥H¤U¤À¦¨¤Ó³¡¤À¤¶²Ð¡A¤À§O¬°¦³¾÷¹A·~»P¹[¨m¡Bªo¯×»P¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ¡B²«Kªº¹[¨m»s³y¤èªk¡B¨Ï¥Î¹[¨m¶i¦æ¯fÂή`¨¾ªv®Éª`·N¨Æ¶µ¡A³Ì«á¬°¤Þ¥Îªº°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm¨Ñ¤j®a°Ñ¦Ò¡C¥»¤å¥Î·N¬O´£¨Ñ¤@¨Ç·§©À¤ÎÅý·Q¨Ï¥Î«D¹AÃĩʸê§÷ªº¹[¨m¶i¦æ¯fÂή`¨¾ªv®É¡A¥i¥H¦b®a¸Ì²³æªº¥H20¤ÀÄÁ¤º»s³y¹[¨m¡A§Ú¤w¸gºÉ¶q²¤Æ»s³y¨BÆJ¤Î»¡©ú¡AY¨Ì¦¹¤è¦¡ÁÙ¬O¦³ºÃ°Ý¡A«n³¡¦³¿ìºô»E®É¥i¦Ü²{³õ¥Ü½d¡A20¤ÀÄÁ¤º·|¦¨¥¾Ç·|¡A¨C1¤½¤ç¹[¨m»s³y¦¨¥»100¤¸¤º(¥H¹«~¯Å·¦¤lªo¤Î¸ÕÃįŲB®ñ¤Æ¹[pºâ)¡C
¤@¡B¦³¾÷¹A·~²z»P¹[¨m
§Ú°ê¦æ¬F°|¹A·~©eû·|©ó2003¦~q©wªº¡u¦³¾÷¹A²£«~ºÞ²z§@·~nÂI¡v¡A¹ï¦³¾÷¹A·~ªº©w¸q¬°¡u¿í¦u¦ÛµM¸ê·½´`Àô¥ÃÄò§Q¥Îì«h¡A¤£¤¹³¨Ï¥Î¦X¦¨¤Æ¾Çª«½è¡A±j½Õ¤ô¤g¸ê·½«O¨|»P¥ÍºA¥¿Å¤§ºÞ²z¨t²Î¡A¨Ã¹F¨ì¥Í²£¦ÛµM¦w¥þ¹A²£«~¥Ø¼Ð¤§¹A·~¡v(¦æ¬F°|¹A·~©eû·|¡A2003)¡C¥Ñ¨ä©w¸qªº¤º²[¬Ý¥X¦³¾÷¹A·~¤£³æ¬O¤£¬I¥Î¤Æ¾Ç¦X¦¨ª«½è¡A¥Í²£¦ÛµM¦w¥þ¹A²£«~¦Ó¤w¡A§ó«nªº¬O¦ÛµM¸ê·½¥ÃÄò§Q¥Î¡B¤ô¤g¸ê·½«O¨|¡B¥ÍºA¥¿Åµ¥¥D±i(¤ý¡A2008)¡Cªñ¥N¹A·~¬°°l¨D°ª¦¬¯q»P²£¶q¡A¤j¶q¨Ï¥Î¤Æ¾ÇªÎ®Æ¡B°£¯ó¾¯»P¹AÃÄ¡Aªø´Á¨Ï¥Î¤§¤U³y¦¨¤gÄ[Àç¾i¤¸¯À¥¢¿Å»P¤gÄ[ª«²z©Ê½è¦HÅÜ¡A¦Ó¤Æ¾Ç¹AÃĪº¨Ï¥Î¤£¶È¨¾°£®`ÂΡA³s¦³¯qªº©øÂΤ]¤@¨Ö±þ®`¡Aªø´Á¬I¥Î¤U±`¤Þµo¯fµß»P®`ÂΧÜÃÄ©Ê¡A¤£¶È¦³¹A²£«~¹AÃĴݯd¤§¸·¡A§ó¥i¯à¥[«¯fÂή`°ÝÃD(¤ý¡A2008)¡C
ªñ´X¦~¨Ó°ê¤º¦¨«~¹AÃĦ~¾P°â¶q´X¥G³£¹F¨ì35,000¤½¾·¡A¾P°âª÷ÃB¬ù¬°·s¥x¹ô88»õ¤¸¡]¦æ¬F°|¹A·~©eû·|°Ê´Óª«¨¾¬ÌÀˬ̧½¡A2015¡^¡A³æ¦ì±¿n¹AÃĨϥζq¬Û·íÅå¤H¡Cªñ¨Ó¥Ñ©ó±À¦æ¦³¾÷®â°ö¹Aªk¡A¹A¥Á³vº¥§ïÅܬIªÎºØÃþ»P¯fÂή`¨¾ªv¤è¦¡¡A¦³¾÷¹Aªk¬I¦æªÌ°£¤F«Ø¥ß´Óª«¯f®`ºî¦XºÞ²z(Integrated Pest Management)ªºÆ[©À¥~¡AÁÙ¶·¾Ö¦³¦UºØ¯fÂή`¨¾ªvªººÞ²z§Þ³N¡A¤~¯à¹F¦¨¦³¾÷¹Aªk¥ÃÄò¸gÀ窺¥Ø¼Ð(¶À©M´^¡A2008)¡C¦Ó¦U°ê§ó¬O§ë¤J«Ü¦h¤H¤O¤Îª«¤O¦b«D¹AÃĩʸê§÷ªº¶}µo¤Î¬ã¨s¡A¦³¨Ç¸ê§÷¹ï¯fÂή`¨¾ªv¨ã¦³¬Û·íÀu¨}ªº®Ä¥Î¡A¨ä¤¤¨m²G¤w¬°¤HÃþ¨Ï¥Î¼Æ¦Ê¦~¡A¬O¹ï¥ÍºAÀô¹Ò¸û¬°¤Íµ½ªº¸ê§÷¡A¦Ó¹[¨m§ó¬O«Ü¦h°ê®a¦³¾÷¹A·~¤¹³¨Ï¥Îªºª«½è(¦æ¬F°|¹A·~©eû·|¡A2012) (¤¤华¤H¥Á¦@©M国国®a«~质监·þ检验检¬Ì总§½ÉO¤¤国国®a标ã¤ÆºÞ²z©e员会¡A2005) (Bioland, 2009)¡C
¤G¡Bªo¯×»P¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ
¡]¤@¡^ªo¯×»P¯×ªÕ»Ä
±`¨£ªº°Ê´Óª«©Êªo(Oil)¯×(Fats)¬O¯×½è(Lipids)ªº¤@ºØ¡Cªo¯×¥iµø¬°¥Ìªo©M¤TӯתջIJæ¤ôÁY¦X¦Ó¦¨ªº¤TñQ¥Ìªo(Triacylglcerols)¡C¦b¦ÛµM¬É¥Íª«Å餺ªº¯×ªÕ»Ä³q±`§t¦³°¸¼ÆÓºÒ©M¥¼¤À¤äªººÒ²BÃì(Campbell, 1997)¡Aªo¯×©Ò§tªº3ӯתջĺØÃþ¤£¤@©w¬Û¦P¡A¯×ªÕ»ÄºÒºÒ¶¡§t¦³ÂùÁ䪺¥¼¹¡©M¯×ªÕ»Ä·|¾ÉP¤À¤l¶¡¤Z±o¥Ë¤O°§C¡A¦]¦¹¥¼¹¡©M¯×ªÕ»Ä¨ã¦³¸û§Cªºº²ÂI(Graham Solomons, 2009)¡A¸û±`¨£ªºªo¯×©Ò§t¯×ªÕ»ÄºÒ¼Æ¬°12-18ÓºÒ¡A¤@¯ë±`¨£ªo¯×ªº¯×ªÕ»Ä²Õ¦¨¦pªí1(¬I,1996) (Graham Solomons, 2009)¡C
ªí1.±`¨£ªo¯×©Ò§t¯×ªÕ»ÄºØÃþ»P¤ñ²v(g/100 g)
Table1. General fats and oils containing fatty acid type
¯×ªÕ»ÄºØÃþ¤ñ²v ·¦¤lªo ´ÄÃqªo ´Ö¤lªo ªá¥Íªo ¥É¦Ìªo ¾ñÆVªo ¤j¨§ªo ½Þªo
C8 ¨¯»Ä
Caprylic 8.1 - - - - - - -
C10 „Ȁ
Capric 6.2 - - - - - - -
C12 ¤ë®Û»Ä
Lauric 45.7 - - - - -
C14 ¦×¨§çM»Ä
Myristic 17.0 1.0 1-2 - 1.5
C16 ´ÄÃq»Ä
Palmitic 9.3 30.0 18-25 12.5 11.1 12.5 10.8 24.6
C18 µw¯×»Ä
Stearic 3.2 3.4 1-2 3.1 2.8 2.6 4.1 12.8
C18-1 ªo»Ä
Oleic 8.0 48.7 17-38 39.9 26.4 72.7 23.4 41.1
C18-2 ¨È³Âªo»Ä
Linoleic 1.7 14.2 45-55 38.2 55.2 9.5 53.3 14.4
C18-3 ¦¸¨È³Âªo»Ä
Linolervic - 1.0 - 2.7 - - 0.8
C20 ªá¥Í»Ä
Arachidic - - 1.2 0.4 - 0.4 -
¨m¤Æ»ù(KOH) 266 197 194 192 190 190 189 198
(¦æ¬F°|½Ã¥ÍºÖ§Q³¡¹«~ÃĪ«ºÞ²z¸p¡A2013) (¬I¡A1996) (Graham Solomons, 2009)
·íªo¯×»PÆP(¦p²B®ñ¤Æ¶u©Î²B®ñ¤Æ¹[)¤ÏÀ³®É·|²£¥Í¥Ìªo©M¯×ªÕ»ÄªºÆQÃþ(¶uÆQ©Î¹[ÆQ)¡C¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ«UºÙªÎ¨m¡A¬G¦¹¤ÏÀ³¤SºÙ¨m¤Æ¤ÏÀ³(Campbell, 1997)¡C³q±`¶u¨mµw«×¸û¤j¡A¥«°â©TºAªÎ¨m±`¬°¶u¨m¡C¨m¤Æ¤ÏÀ³¦¡¦p¤U
ªo¯× + ÆP --> 3ÓªÕ»ÄÆQ(ªÎ¨m) + ¥Ìªo
¡]¤G¡^¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ¦w¥þ©Ê
¥Ø«e°ê¤º¨Ã¥¼±N¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ(¨m²G)¦C¬°¹AÃÄ¡A¬G¦æ¬F°|¹A·~©eû·|¹AÃĦw¥þ¸ê°T¸ê®Æ®wµL¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¡C¦Ó¬ü°êÀô¹Ò«OÅ@¸p(United States Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA)¤Î«X°Ç©£¦{¥ß¤j¾Çªº¬ü°ê¥þ°ê¹AÃÄ°T®§¤¤¤ß(National Pesticide Information Center, NPIC)¤À§O©ó1992¦~¤Î2001¦~µo¥¬¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ¤Î¯×ªÕ»Ä¹[ÆQªº¦w¥þ©Ê³ø§i¡C
¬ü°êÀô¹Ò«OÅ@¸p©ó1992¦~ªº¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ¦w¥þ©Ê¤å¥ó¤¤¡A¦b¤HÅé°·±dµû¦ô(Human Health Assessment)¤è±¡A¹ï¥Ö½§¡B¤fªA¦C¬°¬r©Ê³Ì§Cªº²Ä¥|¯Å¬r©Ê¡F¿¯¹¼ÉÅS(Dietary Exposure)¤WEPA»{¬°¯×ªÕ»Ä¥»¨Ó´N¤ÑµMªº¦s¦b©ó¹ª«¤¤¡A¤Þ¥ÎFDA»{©w»{¬°¥¦¬O¦w¥þªº¡F¾·~©M©~¦í(Occupational and Residential Exposure)¦C¬°§C¬r©Ê¡F¤HÃþ·ÀIµû¦ô(Human Risk Assessment)¤W¹ï¤HÃþ·ÀI¥i©¿²¤¡C¦bÀô¹Ò¼vÅT(Environmental Assessment)¤è±¡A¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ¥b°I´Á¤p©ó¤@¤é©Ò¥H¹ïÀô¹ÒµL¼vÅT¡F¹ï¤ô¸VÃþ¡B³¾ÃþµL¬r¡A¹ï·Å¡B§N¤ô³½µy¨ã¬r©Ê¡A¹ï¤ô¥ÍµL¯á´Õ°Êª«¦³°ª«×¬r©Ê¡FÀô¹Ò¡B¥ÍºA·ÀIµû¦ô(Environmental and Ecological Risk Assessment)¤WEPA»{¬°µL¤£§Q¼vÅT(USEPA, 1992)¡C
¬ü°ê¥þ°ê¹AÃÄ°T®§¤¤¤ß©ó2001¦~¤½¥¬ªº¯×ªÕ»Ä¹[ÆQ¦w¥þ©Ê¤å¥ó¡A¯×ªÕ»Ä¹[ÆQ¹ï°Êª«¬r©Ê¤è±¬°¤fªA¤Î¥Ö½§¬O«D±`§Cªº¬r©Ê¡F¹ï¤HÃþ¬r©Ê¤è±«h¬°¤fªA·|¹ïG³¡³y¦¨¤£¾A¡A¦ý¨S¦³ÄY«ªº¥þ¨©Ê¼vÅT¡F¥Ö½§ªø´Á±µÄ²¦³¤¤µ¥¨ë¿E©Ê¡FµL¥Í´Þ©ÎP·î§Î¼vÅT¡FÀô¹Ò¤W¦]¯×ªÕ¹[»Ä¥b°I´Á¤p©ó¤@¤é©Ò¥H¹ïÀô¹ÒµL¼vÅT¡F¹ï³¥¥Í°Êª«¤è±«h¹[ÆQ¹ï³¾ÃþµL¬r©Ê¡A¹ï§N¡B·Å¤ô³½µy¨ã¬r©Ê¡A¹ï¤ô¥ÍµL¯á´Õ°Êª«¦³°ª«×¬r©Ê(NPIC, 2001)¡C
ºî¦XEPA¤ÎNPICµ²½×¡A¯×ªÕ»Ä¦]¬°¬O¤ÑµM¹ª«ªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¼sªx¦s¦b©ó¦ÛµM¬É¤¤¡A¨ä¹[ÆQ¥b°I´Á¤Ö©ó¤@¤é¡A¹ï¤HÃþ¡B°Êª«¡B³¾Ãþ¡B·Å§N¤ô³½¬°¬Û·í§Cªº¬r©Ê¡A¦ý¹ï¤ô¥ÍµL¯á´Õ°Êª«¦³°ª«×¬r©Ê¡A¤£¹L¥¦¨Ã«D¥Î©ó¤ô²£ÃĪ«¡A©Ò¥H¹ï¥Íª«¤Î¥ÍºAÀô¹Ò¬O°ª¦w¥þªºª«½è¡C
¡]¤T¡^¦U°ê¦³¾÷¹A·~¹ï¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ¨Ï¥Îªº³W½d
¦U°ê¹ï¦³¾÷¹A²£«~©Ò¨Ï¥Î¸ê§÷¬Ò¦³©ú½T³W½d¡C¨m²G³¡¤À¡A§Ú°ê¦b2012¦~µo¥¬ªº¡u¦³¾÷¹A²£«~¤Î¦³¾÷¹A²£¥[¤u«~ÅçÃÒ°ò·Ç×¥¿³W©w¡v¤¤³W©w¥i¥Îªº¬O¤£§t±þµß¾¯¤§ªÎ¨m¡A¦ýµL©ú½T³W½d¬O¹[¨m©Î¶u¨m (¦æ¬F°|¹A·~©eû·|¡A2012)¡C¼w°ê³W½d¤¤¥i¥H¨Ï¥Îªº¬O¹[¨m(potassium soap) (Bioland, 2009)¡A¤¤°ê¤j³°³W½d¤¤¥i¥H¨Ï¥Îªº¤]¬O¹[¨m(³n¨m)(¤¤华¤H¥Á¦@©M国国®a«~质监·þ检验检¬Ì总§½ÉO¤¤国国®a标ã¤ÆºÞ²z©e员会¡A2005)¡C°ê»Ú¦³¾÷¹B°ÊÁp·ù³W½d¤¤¹[¨m¤Î¶u¨m(potassium and sodium soap)¬Ò¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î (IFOAM, 2012)¡C¬ü°ê³W½d¬°±þÂΪΨm¡AµL©ú½T³W©w¬O¹[¨m©Î¶u¨m(USDA, 2009)¡A¤é¥»¹ï¦¹¶µµL³W½d(¤é¥»¹AªL¤ô²£¬Ù¡A2009)¡C
©Ò¥Hºî¦X§Ú°ê¤Î¥@¬É¦U¥Dn°ê®a¦³¾÷¹A·~³W½d¡A¦U°ê¦b¦³¾÷¹A·~¤W³£³W©w¹[¨m¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¡A¦ý¶u¨m¤£¤@©w³Q¤¹³¡C
¡]¥|¡^¨m²G»P¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ¦b¯fÂή`¨¾ªv¤Wªº¬ÛÃö¬ã¨s
¦Û1787¦~´N¦³ªÎ¨m·»²G³Q¨Ï¥Î©ó©øÂΩM蟎Ãþ¨¾ªv¡A±þÂΨm¤]¤w¸g¾P°â¤F¼Æ¤Q¦~¡]Ware and Whitacre, 2004¡^¡A¬ÛÃöªº¬ã¨s¤]«ü¥X¤G»ùª÷ÄÝÂ÷¤lªº¤ô·»²G·|°§CªÎ¨m¹ï©øÂΪº¼vÅT¡A³o¬Oµw¤ô¤¤ªº¤G»ùª÷ÄÝÂ÷¤l¦pCa2+¡BMg2+·|©MªÎ¨m§Î¦¨Ãø·»ªº¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQÃþ(Graham Solomons, 2009)¡C´N¤åÄm©Ò´£¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ¦b¯fÂή`¨¾ªv¤Wªº§@¥Î¾÷¨î¤j¬ù¦³¤U¦C¨âºØ¡G¨m²G±µÄ²ÂÎÅé«áªý¤î®ð¤Õ®ðÅé¥æ´«©M¤zÂZ©I§l¡]Fulton, 1930¡^¡FªÎ¨m¯}Ãa¨¤½è¼h©M¤À¸Ñ²ÓM½¤¡A¾ÉP¸`ªÏ°Êª«²æ¤ô©M¦º¤`¡]Olkowski et al., 1996¡^¡C
Lee(2006)±´°Q¤GÂI¸蟎¤j¶qÁc´Þ¤Î¨äÀ³¥Î®É¥H¥«°â¦UÃþªÎ¨m(¬Ò¬°¶u¨m)·»²G¸ÕÅç¹ï¤GÂI葉蟎P¦º²v¡C¥L±N»Û¦¨蟎®ûªw©ó¿@«×0.4¢Hªº¨m²G¤¤1-8¬í®É¦º¤`²v¬°93.1-98.6¢H¡A»P¹A©e·|±ÀÂË¥ÎÃĪü¤Ú¥Å¨S¦³ÅãµÛ©Ê®t²§¡A¦ýµw¤ô·|°§C¨¾ªv®ÄªG(Lee, 2006)¡C
³¯²Q¨Ø(2010)µ¥¤H¥H¦Û»s¨m²G¸ÕÅçª÷½u½¬¤§¯«¿A¤ó¸蟎¨¾ªv®ÄªG¡A¿@«×1-2¢H¨m²G¬Ò¥i¹F¨ì100¢H¨¾ªv²v¡C¸Ó¸ÕÅçªo¯×¬°·¦¤lªo¡A¥H²B®ñ¤Æ¹[¨m¤Æªº¹[¨m¡A¨Ã©ó¨m¤Æ«á¥[¤J°sºë¡B¥Ìªo¤Î¸N¬â(³¯µ¥¡A2010)¡C李±Ò¶§©M«À¬ü¦N(2009)¥H80¢H·¦¤lªo¥[20¢H´ÄÃqªo»s§@ªº¯×ªÕ»Ä¶u¨m¸ÕÅç¹ï¤GÂI¸蟎»Û¦¨蟎ªº¬r©Ê¡A§C¿@«×ªºªÎ¨m¤ô·»²G¤¤ÂH¸Y¾¯¹ï±þ蟎§@¥Î¦³¥[¼®ÄªG¡F¤ô½èÁ`µw«×100 ppm¥H¤W§Y·|¼vÅTªÎ¨m¤ô·»²G¹ï¤GÂI¸蟎»Û¦¨蟎ªº±þ蟎®ÄªG(§õ©M«À¡A2009)¡C
¹ù«O¦¨(2012)¦b«D¹AÃĨ¾ªv¸ê§÷¹ï¯ó²ù¤GÂI¸蟎¨¾ªv¦¨®Ä¤§µû¦ô¸ÕÅ礤¡A0.5¢H¯¶°ìªo©M¨m²G¥Î©ó¤GÂI葉蟎¨¾ªv®É¦b72¤p®É²ÖpP¦º²v¥i¹F¨ì86¢H¤Î84¢H¡AÁöµM¨S¦³¹F¨ì¹ï·Ó²Õ¹AÃĪü¤Ú¥Åªº98¢HP¦º²v¡A¦ý¬O¤w¸g¬O¦³®Äªº¥i¥Î¨¾ªv¸ê§÷¡AP¦º²vÅãµÛªºÀu©ó¤ì¾L²G¤Î¿}¾L²G¡C¯¶°ìªo©M¨m²G¦b72¤p®É·|¹F¨ì¸û°ªP¦º®ÄªG(¹ù¡A2012)¡C
Puritch(1975)¶i¦æ¯×ªÕ»Ä¤Î¨äÆQÃþ¦b»¯×ºø°H(Adelges piceae)ªº¬r©Ê§@¥Î´ú¸Õ¡A¸ÕÅçµ²ªG¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ¹ï§ZP¦º§@¥Î¤£ÅãµÛ¡A¹ïºø°HP¦º²v°ª®pÈ¥X²{¦bC10Ãìªø¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ¤ÎC18ªº¤£¹¡©M¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQ(Puritch, 1975)¡C
¤T¡B¹[¨m»s³y
¤@¯ë¨m¤Æ¦³§N»sªk¤Î¼ö»sªk¡A§N»sªk¦b¬ù40¢J®ÉÅÍ©Õ(¥i¨Ï¥Î¥´³J¾¹ÁYµu®É¶¡)¡A¼ö»sªk»Ý®ø¯Ó¯à·½¥[¼ö¡A¦ý¸û§Ö³t¡A¦Ü©ó³o¨âºØ¤è¦¡ªºÀu¯ÊÂI¤ñ¸û¤£¦b¥»¤å°Q½×½d³ò¡A°µ¬°¹A·~¥Î³~®É¶q¸û¤j§Ú«Øij¥H¼ö»sªk¸û¬°¾A·í¡Aªo¯×³¡¤À¤£¤@©wn¥Î·¦¤lªo¡A¤]¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¸û«K©yªº¤j¨§ªo¡A¦ý¹ïªì¾ÇªÌ¦Ó¨¥·¦¤lªo¦¨¤À¤¤§t¦³³Ì°ª¤ñ²vªº¹¡©MµuÃì¯×ªÕ»Ä(¤ë®Û»Ä)¡A¨m¤Æ¬O³Ì²³æªº¡A¬G¥H¤U¬°¥H·¦¤lªo»s§@¹[¨m¡C
1.¶q¨ú·¦¤lªo100§J¡B¯Â«×86.32%ªº²B®ñ¤Æ¹[(KOH) 30.8§J¡B»]ÃH¤ô(©ÎRO¤ô©Î¥hÂ÷¤l¤ô)90.0ml¡C
2.±N·¦¤lªo100§JˤJ¤£Äÿû°ªÁç¸m©ó¹q¼öªO(©Î¹qºÏÄl©Î¥Ë´µÄl)¤W¥[¼ö¦Ü70¢J¡C
3.±N¨BÆJ(1)ªº²B®ñ¤Æ¹[ºCºC¥[¤J¥hÂ÷¤l¤ô¤¤ÅÍ©Õ·»¸Ñ¡A«Ý·Å«×°¦Ü70¢J®ÉºCºC¥[¤J¨BÆJ(2)ªº·¦¤lªo¤¤¡AÄ~Äò¸m©ó¹q¼öªO¤W¥[¼ö¦ÜªmÄË¡C
4.½Õ¾ã¹q¼öªO·Å«×¦Ü¶Èºû«ùªmÄ˪¬ºAªº³Ì§C·Å«×¡A¨C¹j´X¤ÀÄÁ»´»´ÅÍ©Õ¤@¤Uºû«ù¤£n¬ðªm§Y¥i¡A¤£¥Î«ùÄòÅÍ©Õ¡F¬ù12¤ÀÄÁ¥ª¥k·|§e²{¥Õ¦â¨Åª¬¡AÄ~Äò¥[¼ö¬ù¦A5¤ÀÄÁ¥ª¥k·|¦³Åé¿n¬ðµM¿±µÈ²{¶H(Åé¿n·|¬ðµM¿±µÈ¦n´X¿¡A©Ò¥H¤@¶}©ln¨Ï¥Î¤£Äÿû°ªÁç)¡A¦¹®É¨m¤Æ´Xªñ§¹¦¨¡A»´»´ÅÍ©ÕÅý·»²G¤¤»]®ð´²¥XÅé¿n´N·|ÁY¤p§e²{ª÷¶À¦âªº¤Ó¦m¿}ÂH¸Yª¬®É¨m¤Æ§¹¦¨¡C¹Lµ{¦p¤U¹Ï1~4¡C
µù¡G¨m¤Æ®É²B®ñ¤Æ¹[¶qpºâ¤èªk¡G·¦¤lªo²B®ñ¤Æ¹[¨m¤Æ»ù¬°266¡A´N¬O»¡¨m¤Æ·¦¤lªo1¤½§J»Ý²B®ñ¤Æ¹[266²@§J(0.266§J)¡A·¦¤lªo100§J»Ý²B®ñ¤Æ¹[26.6§J¡A¦ý¤j³¡¤À¥xÆW¥«°â²B®ñ¤Æ¹[¯Â«×¸ÕÃįŬ°86.32%¡B¤Æ¤u¯Å¬°95%(¨ä¾l¦¨¤À¤j³¡¤À¬°¤ô)¡AY¥Î¸ÕÃįŲB®ñ¤Æ¹[»Ý26.6/0.8632=30.8§J¡C¤Æ¤u¯Å»P¸ÕÃįŪº®t§O¬°¤Æ¤u¯Å¸û«K©y¦ý§t¦³¸û°ªªº«ª÷ÄÝ¡A«Øij¨Ï¥Î¸ÕÃįšC
¥|¡B¨Ï¥Î¹[¨m¶i¦æ¯fÂή`¨¾ªv®Éª`·N¨Æ¶µ
1.¨Ï¥Î®É¿@«×¬ù¬°1~2%¡A´N¬O»¡1¤½¤Éªº¤ô¤¤¤j¬ù¥[¤J10~20¤½§Jªº¹[¨m¡C¹ê»Ú¨Ï¥Î®É¥i¥ý±N¹[¨m°Å¦¨¤p¶ô¦A¥H«¶q¤ñ1:1¤ñ²vªº¹[¨m»P¼ö¤ô²V©Mµy¥[¥[¼ö«á·|·»¦¨50%¿@¸Y²G¡A¨Ï¥Î®É¦A¥[¤J25~50¿ªº¤ô§Y¥i°t¦¨1~2%ªº¨m²G¼QÅx¡C
2.¨m²G¦bµw¤ô¤¤·|©M¤ô¤¤¤G»ùªº¶t¡BÁâµ¥Â÷¤l§Î¦¨Ãø·»ªº¯×ªÕ»ÄÆQÃþ(Graham Solomons, 2009)¡A°§C§@¥Î®ÄªG¡A©Ò¥H¨Ï¥Î®É«Øij¥H«B¤ô©Î¦a±ªe¬y¤ô¡AY¨Ï¥Î¦a¤U¤ô³q±`µw«×¸û¤j»Ý¶i¦æ¤ô½è³n¤Æ¡A¤@¯ë¹A·~¤ô¥Î¶q¸û¤j¡AÂ÷¤l¥æ´«©ÎRO³B²z¦¨¥»¤Ó°ª¡A«Øij¨Ï¥Î¥Û¦ÇĬ¥´ªk³B²z¡A´N¬O¦b¤ô¤¤¥[¤J²B®ñ¤Æ¶t¤ÎºÒ»Ä¶u(¤@¯ë¤Æ¤uì®Æ¦æ©Îºô¸ô¤W¬Ò¥i¶R¨ì)¡AÂǥѲ£¥Í²B®ñ¤ÆÁâ¤ÎºÒ»Ä¶t¨I¾ý¥H°£¥h¤ô¤¤¶t¡BÁâÂ÷¤l¡AË¥X¨ú¥Î¤W¼h¤ô©ÎÂo°£¨I¾ý«á¨Ï¥Î¡A¦Ü©ó²B®ñ¤Æ¶t¤ÎºÒ»Ä¶u¥[¤Jªº¶q©M¦U¦a¤ô¤¤µw¤ô¦¨¤À¤Îµw«×¦³Ãö¡An¹ê´ú¤~¯à·Ç½T(¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥µw¤ô¤¤¶tÂ÷¤l¬ù¥e70~80%)¡A¸g§Ú¤£t³d¥ôªºpºâ¥H¤@¯ë300ppmªºµw¤ô1¤½¤É¥[¤J²B®ñ¤Æ¶t0.1§J¤ÎºÒ»Ä¶u0.3§J¬ù¥i¹F¨ì¤ô½è³n¤Æ®ÄªG(¥H¤W¶È¬Opºâµ²ªG¨S¹ê´ú¹L)¡C
3.¹[¨m«D¹AÃÄ¡AP¦º²v¬ù70%¡A¹ï§Zªº§@¥Î¤]¤£¤j¡A»Ý¾A·í¶¡¹j®É¶¡«½Æ¼QÅx¤~¯à±j¤Æ®ÄªG(¨Ò¦p¨¾ªv¯«¿A¤ó¸蟎®É®L©u³sÄò3¦¸¨C¦¸¶¡¹j3¤é¡A¥V©u³sÄò3¦¸¨C¦¸¶¡¹j7¤é)¡A¨Ï¥Î®É¤]»Ý§¡¤Ã¼QÅx¦ÜÂÎÅé¤~¸û¦³®Ä¡C
«ö³o¸ÌÅã¥Ü¹Ï¤ù
«ö³o¸ÌÅã¥Ü¹Ï¤ù
«ö³o¸ÌÅã¥Ü¹Ï¤ù
«ö³o¸ÌÅã¥Ü¹Ï¤ù
°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm
¤ý¥¿¤è¡B¤ý´f¯]¡B§õ¹Å®i¡B®]ªÚ©ú¡B³¯¥¿¶¯¡B¼B¥@»Í¡BÀd¿ü¯à¡BÁú«Ø°ê¡BĬ¥¿¼w(2001)·s½s¹«~¤Æ¾Ç¡C¥x¤¤¥«¡GµØ®æ¯Ç¥ø·~¡A97¶¡C
¤ý^®S¡B¥j¯Às¡B¸¿ü¤s¡BªL©ô¼w¡B½²©úªQ¡B¬_²M±l¡B³¢¤å¶©¡BªL«Ø§»¡B³¥@¤¸¡B¼Ú«º§±(2004)¤Æ¾Ç¹êÅç¡C¥x¤¤¥«¡GµØ®æ¯Ç¥ø·~¡A287¶¡C
李±Ò¶§¡B«À¬ü¦N(2009)ÂH¸Y¾¯¤Î¤ô½èÁ`µw度¹ïªÎ¨m¤ô·»²G¹ï¤GÂI葉蟎§@¥Îªº¼vÅT¡C²Ä30©¡¥xÆW©øÂξǷ|年·|¡C120¶¡C
¬I©ú´¼(1996)¹ª«¾Çì²z¡C¥x¥_¡GÃÀ°a¹Ï®Ñ¥Xª©ªÀ¡C335¶¡C
³¯²Q¨Ø¡B¤ý²M¬Â¡B¯Î®¶¦t(2010)±þÂΨm²G¡C¦æ¬F°|¹A·~©eû·|¹A·~¸ÕÅç©Ò¯S¥Z²Ä142¸¹ §@ª«Âή`«D¹AÃĨ¾ªv¸ê§÷¡G47-49¶¡C
¶À®¶¤å¡B´^¥É´ð(2008)¦³¾÷¹Aªkªº§@ª«¯fÂή`ºÞ²z§Þ³N¡C¦³¾÷§@ª«®â°ö§Þ³N¬ã°Q·|±M¥Z¡C13-24¶¡C
¹ù«O¦¨¡C2012¡C«D¹AÃĨ¾ªv¸ê§÷¹ï¯ó²ù¤GÂI¸蟎¨¾ªv¦¨®Ä¤§µû¦ô¡CºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C¥xÆW¡G°ê¥ß¥xÆW¤j¾Ç©øÂξǨt¡C
Campbell, M. K. (1997) Biochemistry.Saunders college Publishing. 248-250pp.
Fulton, B. B. (1930) The relation of evaporation to killing efficiency of soap solutions on the harlequin bug and other insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 23 : 625-630.
Graham Solomons,T.W. (2009) Organic chemistry.10 edition.December 2,2009.Published by Wiley.1054-1058pp.
Lee, C.H. (2006) Mass production of Tetranychus urticae Koch and its applications. DR thesis. National Taiwan University. R.O.C.
Olkowski, W., S. Daar, and H. Olkowski (1996) Common-sense pest control. Taunton Press. 76-80pp.
Puritch, G. S. (1975) The toxic effects of fatty acids and their salts on the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges picese (Ratz). Can. J. For. Res. 5(4): 515-522.
Ware, G. W., and D. M. Whitacre (2004) The Pesticide Book. 6th edition. Meister Pro Information Resources, Willoughby, OH. 487pp.
¤ýÄÁ©M(2008)¦³¾÷§@ª«¥Í²£·§½×¡C°ê¥ß«ÌªF¬ì§Þ¤j¾Ç¹A¶é¨t §@ª«¦³¾÷®â°ö¡G1-8¡C2014¦~10¤ë3¤é¡A¨ú¦Û¡Ghttp://openinfo.npust.edu.tw/agr ... F%B9--%E5%85%A8.pdf
¦æ¬F°|¹A·~©eû·|(2003)¦³¾÷¹A²£«~ºÞ²z§@·~nÂI¡C2014¦~10¤ë3¤é¡A¨ú¦Û¡Ghttp://www.afa.gov.tw/laws_index.asp?CatID=100
¦æ¬F°|¹A·~©eû·|(2012)¦³¾÷¹A²£«~¤Î¦³¾÷¹A²£¥[¤u«~ÅçÃÒºÞ²z¿ìªk¡C2014¦~10¤ë3¤é¡A¨ú¦Û¡Ghttp://law.coa.gov.tw/GLRSnewsout/LawContent.aspx?id=FL043612
¦æ¬F°|¹A·~©eû·|(2012)¹A·~²Îp¦~³ø¡C¦æ¬F°|¹A·~©eû·|¡C2012¦~6¤ë5¤é¡A¨ú¦Û¡Ghttp://www.afa.gov.tw/Public/Gra ... 145211610575334.pdf
¦æ¬F°|¹A·~©eû·|°Ê´Óª«¨¾¬ÌÀˬ̧½(2015)°ê¤º¦¨«~¹AÃľP°â±¡§Î¡C2015¦~4¤ë17¤é¡A¨ú¦Û¡Ghttp://pesticide.baphiq.gov.tw/w ... Item9_1S.aspx?no=35
¦æ¬F°|½Ã¥ÍºÖ§Q³¡¹«~ÃĪ«ºÞ²z¸p(2013)¹«~Àç¾i¦¨¤À¸ê®Æ®w¡C2015¦~4¤ë20¤é¡A¨ú¦Û¡Ghttp://www.fda.gov.tw/TC/siteList.aspx?sid=284
¤¤华¤H¥Á¦@©M国国®a«~质监·þ检验检¬Ì总§½ÉO¤¤国国®a标ã¤ÆºÞ²z©e员会(2005)¤¤华¤H¥Á¦@©M国国®a标ãGB/T 19630.1-2005¡G¦³Éó产«~¡C2014¦~10¤ë3¤é¡A¨ú¦Û¡Ghttp://www.sepb.gov.cn/platform/UserFiles/File/yjcpgjbz.pdf
¤é¥»¹AªL¤ô²£¬Ù(2009)¦³¾÷¹A産ª«の¤é¥»¹AªL³W®æ¡G¹AªL¤ô²£¬Ù§i¥Ü²Ä1180号¡C2014¦~10¤ë3¤é¡A¨ú¦Û¡Ghttp://www.maff.go.jp/j/jas/hyoji/qa.html
Bioland (2012) Bioland standard. retrieved september 25,2014,from the World Wide Web: http://archiv.bioland.de/fileadm ... ards_2012-11-27.pdf
IFOAM (2012) The IFOAM norms for organic production and processing. retrieved september 20,2014,from the World Wide Web: http://www.ifoam.org/sites/defau ... 2012_with_cover.pdf
NPIC (2001) Potassium salts of fatty acids. retrieved september 25,2014,from the World Wide Web: http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/psfagen.pdf
USDA (1990) The national list of allowed and prohibited substances. retrieved september 25,2014,from the World Wide Web: http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text ... 1.9.32.7&idno=7
USEPA (1992) Soap salts. retrieved september 20,2014,from the World Wide Web: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/4083fact.pdf
|
-
8
¬d¬Ý¥þ³¡µû¤À
-
|